COD REDUCTION OF PASIG RIVER WATER SAMPLE USING COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON
by
FERDINAND ESTANISLAO
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
OCTOBER 2003
The thesis attached hereto, entitled “COD REDUCTION OF PASIG RIVER WATER SAMPLE USING COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON”, prepared and submitted by Ferdinand T. Estanislao, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering is hereby accepted.
_______________________ ________________
Dr. Sixto A. Valencia Date
Panel Member
________________________ _________________
Dr. Ronald R. Navarro Date
Panel Member
__________________________ _________________
Dr. Reynaldo I. Acda Date
Adviser
___________________________
Prof. Myra G. Borines
Chairman
Department of Chemical Engineering
________________
Date
__________________________
Dr. Reynaldo I. Acda
Dean
College of Engineering and Agro- Industrial Technology
UP Los Banos
_________________
Date
PAC
powdered activated carbon
Friday, May 1, 2009
ii. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is forever indebted to these people and institutions:
Dr. Reynaldo I. Acda - for this work, for his sincere concern of student’s welfare, and for everything
Dr. Sixto A. Valencia and Dr. Ronald R. Navarro – for the suggestions and critical cooperation given
The hardworking staff of the DOST Regional Office No. IV Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory (Los Banos, Laguna):
Lydia S. Manguiat, Quality Manager
Emelita P. Bagsit, Chemist
Ma’am Jane
Ma’am Lyn
Ma’am Tere
Mang Eric
- For generously helping me finish the experiments
Taxpayers of the Republic of the Philippines;
Prof. Hipolito B. Aycardo, Regional Director, DOST IV;
Dr. Teresita M. Espino, Dr. Bayani Espiritu, Elmer V. Arreola, Lovelyn B. Willaluer, and the staff of the BIOTECH Bio-Organic Fertilizer Laboratory for helping me conduct the preliminary tests ;
Engr. Crisanto M. Elpeves , Plant Operations Manager, Mapecon Carbon Plant at Alaminos, Laguna ,for the activated carbon;
Dr. Carlito Barril of IC, CAS for the copies of DENR PRRP Update;
Francisco Estanislao, Teresita Tan, Catalina Barashari and Dela Cruz family;
βκ Fraternity and βκσ Sorority;
Janice Valenzuela and Aljay;
Edmundo Pajares Jr., Francis Mervin Chan, Dr. Dexter Pajares, Wendel Alsola and company; Agatha Coleen Tabing; InStat, CAS;
CEAT library staff;
CEAT Dean’s Office staff;
and the students and faculty of the Dep’t of Chemical Eng’g
Dr. Reynaldo I. Acda - for this work, for his sincere concern of student’s welfare, and for everything
Dr. Sixto A. Valencia and Dr. Ronald R. Navarro – for the suggestions and critical cooperation given
The hardworking staff of the DOST Regional Office No. IV Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory (Los Banos, Laguna):
Lydia S. Manguiat, Quality Manager
Emelita P. Bagsit, Chemist
Ma’am Jane
Ma’am Lyn
Ma’am Tere
Mang Eric
- For generously helping me finish the experiments
Taxpayers of the Republic of the Philippines;
Prof. Hipolito B. Aycardo, Regional Director, DOST IV;
Dr. Teresita M. Espino, Dr. Bayani Espiritu, Elmer V. Arreola, Lovelyn B. Willaluer, and the staff of the BIOTECH Bio-Organic Fertilizer Laboratory for helping me conduct the preliminary tests ;
Engr. Crisanto M. Elpeves , Plant Operations Manager, Mapecon Carbon Plant at Alaminos, Laguna ,for the activated carbon;
Dr. Carlito Barril of IC, CAS for the copies of DENR PRRP Update;
Francisco Estanislao, Teresita Tan, Catalina Barashari and Dela Cruz family;
βκ Fraternity and βκσ Sorority;
Janice Valenzuela and Aljay;
Edmundo Pajares Jr., Francis Mervin Chan, Dr. Dexter Pajares, Wendel Alsola and company; Agatha Coleen Tabing; InStat, CAS;
CEAT library staff;
CEAT Dean’s Office staff;
and the students and faculty of the Dep’t of Chemical Eng’g
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER / PAGE
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Abstract vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Significance of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Date and Place of Study 4
1.4 Limitations of the Study 4
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 5
2.2 Adsorption 7
2.3 Activated Carbon 12
2.4 Wastewater Treatment by Activated Carbon Adsorption 14
2.5 Coconut Shell Activated Carbon 17
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.2 Equipment 21
3.3 Methods 24
3.3.1 Sample Collection and Preservation 24
3.3.2 Characterization of the Pasig River Water Samples 24
3.3.3 Characterization of Activated Carbon 25
3.3.4 Determination of Equilibrium Contact Time 27
3.3.5 Determination of Optimum pH 27
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28
4.1 Characteristics of the Pasig River Samples 28
4.2 Characteristics of the AC 29
4.3 Equilibrium Contact Time 30
4.4 Optimum pH for Maximum Adsorption 32
4.5 Kinetics of Adsorption 34
4.6 Minimum Amount AC that will give Satisfactory COD Removal 37
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 39
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 40
7. REFERENCES 41
8. APPENDICES 43
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Abstract vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Significance of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Date and Place of Study 4
1.4 Limitations of the Study 4
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 5
2.2 Adsorption 7
2.3 Activated Carbon 12
2.4 Wastewater Treatment by Activated Carbon Adsorption 14
2.5 Coconut Shell Activated Carbon 17
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.2 Equipment 21
3.3 Methods 24
3.3.1 Sample Collection and Preservation 24
3.3.2 Characterization of the Pasig River Water Samples 24
3.3.3 Characterization of Activated Carbon 25
3.3.4 Determination of Equilibrium Contact Time 27
3.3.5 Determination of Optimum pH 27
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28
4.1 Characteristics of the Pasig River Samples 28
4.2 Characteristics of the AC 29
4.3 Equilibrium Contact Time 30
4.4 Optimum pH for Maximum Adsorption 32
4.5 Kinetics of Adsorption 34
4.6 Minimum Amount AC that will give Satisfactory COD Removal 37
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 39
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 40
7. REFERENCES 41
8. APPENDICES 43
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE / PAGE
2.1 Comparative Data for North Dakota lignite based and Commercial AC 18
2.2 Properties of AC used in Wang’s Study 19
4.1 Characteristics of the Samples taken near the P. Sanchez Bridge 28
4.2 Physical Characteristics of AC 29
4.3 Effect of Contact Time in % COD Reduction 31
4.4 Effect of Initial pH in % COD Reduction 32
4.5 COD of the samples as a function of Time 34
4.6 The computed adsorption coefficient and order of reaction 35
4.7 Minimum amount that will give satisfactory COD reduction 38
F-1 Moisture content Raw Data 50
F-2 Bulk Density Raw Data 50
F-3 Iodine Number Raw Data 50
F-4 Contact time Determination (Trial 1) 51
F-5 Contact time Determination (Trial 2) 51
F-6 Contact time Determination (Supplementary trials) 51
F-7 Optimum pH Determination (Trial 1) 51
F-8 Optimum pH Determination (Trial 2) 52
F-9 Kinetics of Adsorption of Organics Raw Data 52
F-10 Minimum amount that will give satisfactory COD reduction Raw Data 52
2.1 Comparative Data for North Dakota lignite based and Commercial AC 18
2.2 Properties of AC used in Wang’s Study 19
4.1 Characteristics of the Samples taken near the P. Sanchez Bridge 28
4.2 Physical Characteristics of AC 29
4.3 Effect of Contact Time in % COD Reduction 31
4.4 Effect of Initial pH in % COD Reduction 32
4.5 COD of the samples as a function of Time 34
4.6 The computed adsorption coefficient and order of reaction 35
4.7 Minimum amount that will give satisfactory COD reduction 38
F-1 Moisture content Raw Data 50
F-2 Bulk Density Raw Data 50
F-3 Iodine Number Raw Data 50
F-4 Contact time Determination (Trial 1) 51
F-5 Contact time Determination (Trial 2) 51
F-6 Contact time Determination (Supplementary trials) 51
F-7 Optimum pH Determination (Trial 1) 51
F-8 Optimum pH Determination (Trial 2) 52
F-9 Kinetics of Adsorption of Organics Raw Data 52
F-10 Minimum amount that will give satisfactory COD reduction Raw Data 52
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE / PAGE
2.1 Common types of adsorption isotherm 11
3.1 Top Loading Balance 22
3.2 Gerhardt RO™ Rotary Shaker 22
3.3 Merck- SQ™ Spectrophotometer 23
3.4 Reflux apparatus 23
4.1 Equilibrium Contact Time 31
4.2 Effect of Initial pH in COD Reduction 33
4.3 COD of the samples vs. Time 34
4.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 36
2.1 Common types of adsorption isotherm 11
3.1 Top Loading Balance 22
3.2 Gerhardt RO™ Rotary Shaker 22
3.3 Merck- SQ™ Spectrophotometer 23
3.4 Reflux apparatus 23
4.1 Equilibrium Contact Time 31
4.2 Effect of Initial pH in COD Reduction 33
4.3 COD of the samples vs. Time 34
4.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 36
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